Passive touch system and method of detecting user input

ABSTRACT

A passive touch system includes a passive touch surface and at least two cameras associated with the touch surface. The at least two cameras acquire images of the touch surface from different locations and have overlapping fields of view. A processor receives and processes images acquired by the at least two cameras to detect the existence of a pointer therein and to determine the location of the pointer relative to the touch surface. Actual pointer contact with the touch surface and pointer hover above the touch surface can be determined.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention related generally to input devices and in particular to a passive touch system and method of detecting use input.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Touch systems are well known in the art and typically include a touch screen having a touch surface on which contacts are made using a pointer in order to generate user input. Pointer contacts wit the touch surface are detected and are used to generate corresponding output depending on areas of the contact surface where the contacts are made. There are basically two general types of touch systems available and they can be broadly classified as “active” touch systems and “passive” touch systems.

Active touch systems allow a user to generate user input by contacting the touch surface with a special pointer that usually requires some form of on-board power source, typically batteries the special pointer emits signals such as infrared light, visible light, ultrasonic frequencies, electromagnetic frequencies, etc. that activate the touch surface.

Passive touch systems allow a user to generate user input by contacting the touch surface with a passive pointer and do not require the use of a special pointer in order to activate the touch surface. A passive pointer can be a finger, a cylinder of some material, or any suitable object that can be used to contact some predetermined area of interest on the touch surface.

Passive touch systems provide advantages over active touch systems in that any suitable pointing device, including a user's finger, can be used as a pointer to contact the touch surface. As a result, user input can easily be generated. Also, since special active pointers are not necessary in passive touch systems, battery power levels and/or pointer damage, theft, or misplacement are of no concern to users.

Passive touch systems have a number of applications relating to computer operation and video display. For example, in one interactive application, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,263 to Martin, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the passive touch system is coupled to a computer and the computer display is projected onto the touch surface of the touch screen. The coordinates representing specific locations on the touch surface are mapped to the computer display. When a user contacts the touch surface, the coordinates of the contact are fed back to the computer and mapped to the computer display thereby allowing the user to operate the computer in a manner similar to using a computer mouse simply by contacting the touch surface. Furthermore, the coordinates fed back to the computer can be recorded in an application and redisplayed at a later time. Recording contact coordinates is typically done when it is desired to record information written or drawn on the touch surface by the user.

The resolution of a passive touch screen determines if the touch system is suitable for recording information written or drawn on the touch screen or only useful for selecting areas on the touch screen mapped to large regions on the computer or video display in order to manipulate the computer or video display. Resolution is typically measured in dots per inch (DPI). The DPI is related to the size of the touch screen and the sampling ability of the touch system hardware and software used to detect contacts on the touch surface.

Low-resolution passive touch screens only have enough DPI to detect contacts on the touch surface within a large group of pixels displayed by the computer or video system. Therefore, these low-resolution passive touch screens are useful only for manipulating the computer or video display.

On the other hand, high-resolution passive touch screens have sufficient DPI to detect contacts that are proportional to a small number of pixels or sub-pixels of the computer or video display. However, a requirement for high-resolution touch screens is the ability to detect when the pointer is in contact with the touch surface. This is necessary for writing, drawing, mouse-click operations, etc. Without the ability to detect pointer contact with the touch screen, writing and drawing would be one continues operation, and mouse clicks would not be possible thereby making computer display manipulation impossible. A secondary requirement is the ability to detect when the pointer is “hovering” above the touch surface. Although not required for writing or drawing, today's computer operating systems are increasingly using hover information to manipulate computer or video displays or pop-up information boxes.

Passive touch screens are typically either of the analog resistive type, Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) type or capacitive type. Unfortunately, these touch screens suffer from a number of problems or shortcomings as will be described.

Analog resistive touch screens typically have a high-resolution. Depending on the complexity of the touch system, the resolution of the touch screen can produce 4096×4096 DPI or higher. Analog resistive touch screens are constructed using two flexible sheets that are coated with a resistive material and arranged as a sandwich. The sheets do not come into contact with each other until a contact has been made. The sheets are typically kept separated by insulating microdots or by an insulating air space. The sheets are constructed from ITO, which is mostly transparent. Thus, the touch screen introduces some image distortion but very little parallax.

During operation of an analog resistive passive touch screen, a uniform voltage gradient is applied in one direction along a first of the sheets. The second sheet measures the voltage along the first sheet when the two sheets contact one another as a result of a contact made on the touch surface. Since the voltage gradient of the first sheet can be translated to the distance along the first sheet, the measured voltage is proportional to the position of the contact on the touch surface. When a contact coordinate on the first sheet is acquired, the uniform voltage gradient is then applied to the second sheet and the first sheet measures the voltage along the second sheet. The voltage gradient of the second sheet is proportional to the distance along the second sheet. These two contact coordinates represent the X-Y position of the contact on the touch surface in a Cartesian coordinate system.

Since mechanical pressure is required to bring both sheets into contact, analog resistive touch screens can only detect contact when there is sufficient pressure to bring the two sheets together. Analog resistive passive touch screens cannot sense when a pointer is hovering over the touch surface. Therefore, contact events and positions can only be detected when actual contacts are made with the touch surface.

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) touch screens typically provide for medium resolution and are not suitable for recording good quality writing. SAW touch screens employ transducers on the borders of a glass surface to vibrate the glass and produce acoustic waves that ripple over the glass surface. When a contact is made on the glass surface, the waves reflect back and the contact position is determined from the signature of the reflected waves.

Unfortunately, SAW touch screens exhibit noticeable parallax due to the thickness of the vibrating glass which is placed over the surface of the video or computer display. Also, contact events and positions can only be detected when actual contacts are made with the glass surface. Furthermore, SAW touch screens do not scale beyond a few feet diagonal.

Capacitive touch screens provide for low resolution because contacts can only be determined in large areas (approximately ½×½). As a result, capacitive touch screens cannot be used for recording writing or drawing and are suitable for selecting areas on the touch screen corresponding to computer generated buttons displayed on the video or computer display. These touch screens also suffer disadvantages in that they are sensitive to temperature and humidity. Similar to analog resistive touch screens and SAW touch screens, capacitive touch screens can also only detect contact events and positions when actual contacts are made with the touch surface.

Scalability of passive touch screens is important since the demand for larger electronic digitizers is increasing. Where digitizers were once small desktop appliances, today they have found there way onto electronic whiteboarding applications. The need to build a passive touch sensitive “wall” has become a requirement for new touch screen applications. Existing passive touch screens of the types discussed above are all limited in the maximum size where they are still functional.

As will be appreciated, improvements to passive touch systems are desired. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel passive touch system and method of detecting user input.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a passive touch system comprising:

-   -   a passive touch surface;     -   at least two cameras associated with said touch surface, said at         least two cameras acquiring images of said touch surface from         different locations and having overlapping fields of view; and     -   a processor receiving and processing images acquired by said at         least two cameras to detect the existence of a pointer therein         and to determine the location of said pointer relative to said         touch surface.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least two cameras are two-dimensional image sensor and lens assemblies having fields of view looking along the plane of the touch surface. The processor determines the location of the pointer relative to the touch screen using triangulation. The processor also determines when the pointer is in contact with the touch surface and when the pointer is hovering above the touch surface.

In one embodiment, the processor selects pixel subsets of images acquired by the image sensor and lens assemblies and processes the pixel subsets to determine the existence of the pointer. The processor includes a digital signal processor associated with each image sensor and lens assembly and a master digital signal processor in communication with the digital signal processors. The digital signal processors associated with each image sensor and lens assembly select the pixel subsets and process the pixel subsets to determine the existence of the pointer. The master digital signal processor receives pixel characteristic data from the digital signal processors and triangulates the pixel characteristic data to determine the location of the pointer relative to the touch surface.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of detecting the position of a pointer relative to a passive touch surface comprising the steps of:

-   -   acquiring images of said touch surface from different locations         using cameras having overlapping fields of view; and     -   processing said images to detect the existence of a pointer         therein and to determine the location of said pointer relative         to said touch surface.

The present invention provides advantages in that the passive touch system is of high resolution and allows actual pointer contacts with the touch surface as well as pointer hovers above the touch surface to be detected and corresponding output generated. Also, the present passive touch system provides advantages in that it does not suffer from parallax, image distortion, pointer position restrictions, image projection and scalability problems that are associated with prior art passive touch systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

An embodiment of the present invention will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a passive touch system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a touch screen forming part of the passive touch system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a corner portion of the touch screen of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a camera assembly forming part of the touch screen of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of the touch screen of FIG. 2 showing the fields of view of two camera assemblies;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a master controller forming part of the passive touch system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is case diagram showing functions executed by the camera assemblies;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the steps performed during execution of a findPointerMotion( ) function;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing the steps performed during execution of an autoSelectThres( ) function;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the steps performed during execution of an extractPointer function;

FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing the steps performed during execution of a centerOfMass( ) function;

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing the steps performed during execution of a processROI( ) function;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing the steps performed during execution of a getHighestRegion( ) function;

FIG. 14 shows an acquired image and a pixel subset of the image that is processed;

FIG. 15 shows a region of interest within the pixel subset;

FIG. 16 shows the triangulation geometry used to calculate a pointer contact position on the touch surface of the touch screen;

FIG. 17 shows an image acquired by an image sensor and lens assembly including the pointer and its median line; and

FIG. 18 shows pointer contact and pointer hover for different orientations of the pointer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Turning now to FIG. 1, a passive touch system in accordance with the present invention is shown and is generally indicated to by reference numeral 50. As can be seen, passive touch system 50 includes a touch screen 52 coupled to a master controller 54. Master controller 54 is also coupled to a computer 56. Computer 56 executes one or more application programs and provides display output that is projected onto the touch screen 52 via a projector 58. The touch screen 52, master controller 54, computer 56 and projector 58 form a closed-loop so that user contacts with the touch screen 52 can be recorded as writing or drawing or used to control execution of application programs executed by the computer 56.

FIGS. 2 to 4 better illustrate the touch screen 52. Touch screen 52 includes a touch surface 60 bordered by a frame 62. Touch surface 60 is passive and is in the form of a rectangular planar sheet of material. Camera subsystems are associated with each corner of the touch screen 52. Each camera subsystem includes 15 a camera assembly 63 mounted adjacent a different corner of the touch screen 52 by a frame assembly 64. Each frame assembly 64 includes an angled support plate 66 on which the camera assembly 63 is mounted. Supporting frame elements 70 and 72 are mounted on the plate 66 by posts 74 and secure the plate 66 to the frame 62.

Each camera assembly 63, in this embodiment, includes a camera in the form of a two-dimensional CMOS camera image sensor and associated lens assembly 80, a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer 82 coupled to the image sensor and lens assembly 80 by a data bus and a digital signal processor (DSP) 84 coupled to the FIFO 82 by a data bus and to the image sensor and lens assembly 80 by a control bus. A boot EPROM 86 and a power supply subsystem 88 are also included.

In the present embodiment, the CMOS camera image sensor is a Photobit PB300 image sensor configured for a 20×640 pixel subarray that can be operated to capture image frames at rates in excess of 200 frames per second. The FIFO buffer 82 is manufactured by Cypress under part number CY7C4211V and the DSP 84 is manufactured by Analog Devices under part number ADSP2185M.

The DSP 84 provides control information to the image sensor and lens assembly 80 via the control bus. The control information allows the DSP 84 to control parameters of the image sensor and lens assembly 80 such as exposure, gain, array configuration, reset and initialization. The DSP 84 also provides clock signals to the image sensor and lens assembly 80 to control the frame rate of the image sensor and lens assembly 80.

As shown in FIG. 5, each image sensor and lens assembly 80 has a 55° field of view. The angle of the plate 66 is selected so that the field of view of each image and lens assembly 80 includes at least the majority of a different peripheral edge of the touch surface 60. In this way, the entire touch surface 60 is within the fields of view of the image sensor and lens assemblies 80.

Master controller 54 is best illustrated in FIG. 6 and includes a DSP 90, a boot EPROM 92, a serial line driver 94 and a power supply subsystem 95. The DSP 90 communicates with the DSPs 84 of the camera assemblies 63 over a data bus through a serial port 96 and communicates with the computer 56 over a data bus through a serial port 98 and the serial line driver 94. In this embodiment, the DSP 90 is also manufactured by Analog Devices under part number ADSP2185M. The serial line driver 94 is manufactured by Analog Devices under part number ADM222.

The master controller 54 and each camera assembly 63 follow a communication protocol that enables bi-directional communications via a common serial cable similar to a universal serial bus (USB). The transmission bandwidth is divided into thirty-two (32) 16-bit channels. Of the thirty-two channels, five (5) channels are assigned to each of the DSPs 84 in the camera assemblies 63 and to the DSP 90 in the master controller 54 and the remaining seven (7) channels are unused. The master controller 54 monitors the twenty (20) channels assigned to the camera assembly DSPs 84 while the DSPs 84 in the camera subsystems 63 monitor the five (5) channels assigned to the master controller DSP 90. Communications between the master controller 54 and the camera assemblies 63 are performed as background processes in response to interrupts.

The general operation of the passive touch system 50 will now be described. Each camera assembly 63 acquires images of the touch surface 60 within the field of view of its image sensor and lens assembly 80 at the frame rate established by the DSP clock signals and processes the images to determine if a pointer is in the acquired images. If a pointer is in the acquired images, the images are further processed to determine characteristics of the pointer contacting or hovering above the touch surface 60. Pointer characteristics are then converted into pointer information packets (PIPs) and the PIPs are queued for transmission to the master controller 54. The camera assemblies 63 also receive and respond to diagnostic PIPs generated by the master controller 54.

The master controller 54 polls the camera assemblies 63 at a set frequency (in this embodiment 70 times per second) for PIPs and triangulates pointer characteristics in the PIPs to determine pointer position data. The master controller 54 in turn transmits pointer position data and/or status information to the personal computer 56. In this manner, the pointer position data transmitted to the personal computer 56 can be recorded as writing or drawing or can be used to control execution of application programs executed by the computer 56. The computer 56 also updates the display output conveyed to the projector 58 so that information projected onto the touch surface 60 reflects the pointer activity.

The master controller 54 also receives commands from the personal computer 56 and responds accordingly as well as generates and conveys diagnostic PIPs to the camera assemblies 63.

Specifics concerning the processing of acquired images and the triangulation of pointer characteristics in PIPs will now be described with particular reference to FIGS. 7 to 13.

Initially, an alignment routine is performed to align the image sensor and lens assemblies 80. During the alignment routine, a pointer is held in the approximate center of the touch surface 60. Subsets of the pixels of the image sensor and lens assemblies 80 are then selected until a subset of pixels for each image sensor and lens assembly 80 is found that captures the pointer and the pointer tip on the touch surface 60. This alignment routine allows for a relaxation in mechanical mounting of the image sensor and lens assemblies on the frame assemblies 64. The identification of the pointer tip on the touch surface 60 also gives a calibration that determines the row of pixels of each image sensor and lens assembly 80 that detects actual contacts made with the touch surface. Knowing these pixel rows allows the difference between pointer hover and pointer contact to be determined.

In this embodiment, since a computer display is projected onto the touch surface 60, during the alignment routine several known coordinate locations are also displayed and the user is required to touch these coordinate locations in sequence using the pointer so that the subset of pixels for each of image sensor and lens assembly 80 includes all of the coordinate locations as well. Calibration data is then stored for reference so that pointer contacts on the touch surface 60 can be mapped to corresponding areas on the computer display.

As mentioned above, each camera assembly 63 acquires images of the touch surface 60 within its field of view. The images are acquired by the image and lens assembly 80 at intervals in response to the clock signals received from the DSP 84. Each image acquired by the image and lens assembly 80 is sent to the FIFO buffer 82.

The DSP 84 in turn reads each image from the FIFO buffer 82 and processes the image to determine if a pointer is located in the image and if so, to extract the pointer and related pointer statistical information. To avoid processing significant numbers of pixels containing no useful information, only the subset of the pixels in the image determined during the alignment routine are actually processed as is shown in FIG. 14.

In order to determine if a pointer is located in the image and extract pointer and related pointer statistical information, the DSP 84 executes a main findPointerMotion( ) function 120 that calls a number of other functions, namely an autoSelectThres( ) function 122, an extractPointer function 124, a centerOfMass( ) function 126, and a processROI( ) function 128 (see FIG. 7). The extractPointer( ) function 128 also calls a getHighestRegion( ) function 130.

The findPointerMotion( ) function 120 is used to extract the pointer from the image. Turning now to FIG. 8, the steps performed during execution of the findPointerMotion( ) function 120 is shown. When the findPointerMotion( ) function is called, a check is made to determine if a previous image iPrev including a pointer exists (step 150). If no previous image iPrev exists, center of mass parameters Cx and Cz are assigned zero values (step 152). The current image iCurr being processed is then designated as the previous image iPrev (step 154) to complete the findPointerMotion( ) function.

At step 150, if a previous image iPrev exists, the current image iCurr is subtracted from the previous image iPrev and the absolute value of the difference image iDiff is taken (step 156). By forming the difference image iDiff, background features and noise are removed. The autoSelectThres( ) function 122 is then called to select a threshold value tValue for the difference image iDiff(step 158) based on the histogram of the difference image iDiff. The threshold iThres of the difference image iDiff is then taken (step 160) to highlight further the pointer within the current image iCurr. During thresholding a grayscale image is mapped to the binary difference image iDiff. Pixels in the difference image with values equal to or less than the threshold value tValue are made black while all other pixels are made white. The result is a binary image containing the pointer and some noise both designated by white pixels.

Once the difference image has been thresholded, the extractPointer function 124 is called (step 162) to extract the pointer ptr from the difference image iDiff and ignore the noise. The size of the pointer ptr is then examined to determine if it is greater than a threshold value MFN_PTR_SIZE (step 164). If the size of the pointer is greater than the threshold value MIN_PTR_SIZE, the centerOfMass( ) function 126 is called (step 166) to determine the center of the pointer. Following this, the processROI( ) function 128 is called (step 168) to select a region of interest ROI within the difference image iDiff and extract the pointer from the region of interest.

Once the pointer has been extracted from the region of interest ROI, the size of the extracted pointer is determined (step 170). If the pointer size is greater than zero, a medianLine function is called (step 172). During execution of the medianLine function, the median line of the pointer (i.e. the pointer location within the region of interest) is calculated using linear least squares. The current image iCurr is then designated as the previous image iPrev to complete the findPointerMotion( ) function.

At step 164, if the pointer size is equal to zero, the center of mass parameters Cx and Cz are examined (step 174). If both of the center of mass parameters Cx and Cz have values greater zero, the processROI( ) function 128 is called (step 168) to select a region of interest ROI within the difference image iDiff and extract the pointer from the region of interest. At step 174, if one or both of the center of mass parameters Cx and Cz have values equal to zero or at step 170, if the size of the pointer is less than zero, a no pointer found condition is determined (step 176). At this stage, the current image iCurr is designated as a calibration image glRef. The findPointerMotion( ) function then proceeds to step 152 where the center of mass parameters Cx and Cz are assigned zero values.

As mentioned above, at step 158, when the findPointerMotion( ) function 120 calls the autoSelectThres( ) function 122, a threshold value for the difference image iDiff is selected based on the histogram of the difference image so that when the difference image iDiff is thresholded, the pointer is further highlighted from background features and noise. Selection of the threshold value in this manner is more robust than hardcoding the threshold value.

Turning now to FIG. 9, the steps performed during execution of the autoSelectThres( ) function 122 are illustrated. As can be seen, in order to select the threshold level, a histogram of the difference image iDiff is taken and the number of pixels in each bin of the histogram are counted (step 200). The number of pixels in the bin having the highest count is used as a peak parameter and the threshold value is initially assigned a value of one (step 202). The number of bins having non-zero counts is then examined to determine if more than eight (8) bins have non-zero counts (step 204). If less than eight (8) bins have non-zero counts, the threshold value remains at its initially assigned value and the autoSelectThres( ) function is completed.

At step 204, if more than eight (8) bins have non-zero counts, the number of non-zero bins is checked again to determine if an entire difference image is being processed (i.e. the auloSelectThres( ) function was called by the findPointerMotion( ) function 120) or if a region of interest ROI within the difference image is being processed (i.e. the autoSelectThres( )function was called by the processROI( ) function 128) (step 206). If the entire difference image iDiff is being processed, a threshold minimum parameter (tMin) is set to a value of twelve (12) and a Peak_Div parameter is set to a value of eight (8) (step 208). A minimum count parameter minCount is then calculated by dividing the peak parameter determined at step 202 by the Peak_Div parameter (step 210). If a region of interest is being processed, the threshold minimum parameter (tMin) is set to a value of forty (40) and the Peak_Div parameter is set to a value of thirty-two (32) (step 212) before proceeding to step 210.

Once minCount has been determined, the peak level is checked to determine if it is greater than the threshold minimum tMin (step 214). Peak level is the grayscale level that contains the most pixels. In the case of a tie, the grayscale level with the highest numerical value (i.e. the closest to 255) is chosen. If the peak level is greater than the threshold minimum tMin, a startLevel parameter is assigned a value equal to the peak level+1 (step 216). At step 214, if the peak level is less than the threshold minimum tMin, the startLevel parameter is assigned a value equal to the threshold minimum tMin (step 218).

Following step 216 or 218, a loop is entered. During the loop, the levCount for each bin having a bin number between the value of the startLevel parameter and two hundred and fifty-five (255) is examined to determine if it is greater than zero and if it is less than the minCount parameter determined at step 210 (step 220). If the condition is met during the loop, the loop is exited and the threshold value is assigned a value equal to the bin number having the levCount that resulted in the loop being exited+1 (step 222). If the condition is not met, the loop is exited after the levCount for bin number 255 has been checked.

Once the loop has been exited, the threshold value is checked to determine if it is less than the minimum threshold value tMin (step 224). If not, a check is again made to determine if an entire difference image is being processed or whether a region of interest ROI is being processed (step 226). If the threshold value is less than the minimum threshold value tMin, the threshold value is set equal to the minimum threshold value tMin (step 228) before the check is made to determine if an ientire difference image is being processed or whether a region of interest is being processed (step 226).

At step 226, if a difference image iDiff is being processed, the auloSelectThres( ) function is completed. However, if a region of interest is being processed, a parameter p is assigned a value corresponding to the first grayscale level at which 90% or more of the pixels will go black (step 230). The parameter p is then compared to the threshold level (step 232). If the parameter p is less than the threshold level, the autoSelectThres( ) function is completed. If the parameter p is greater than the threshold level, the threshold value is set to the value of parameter p (step 234) and the autoSelectThres( )function is completed.

As mentioned above, at step 162 the findPointerMotion( ) function 120 calls the extractPointer( ) function 124 to extract the pointer from the binary image and ignore the noise. This is done by selecting the “white region” in the binary image that is greater than or equal to a certain minimum size and is the highest region (i.e. the largest in the y-axis (20 pixel axis)). Specifically, when the extractPointer( ) function 124 is called, the extractPointer( ) function calls the getHighestRegion( ) function 130 (step 250). The getHighestRegion( ) function 130 uses the threshold value and tol parameters to select the appropriate white region szRegion in the thresholded difference image. The tol parameter is used to avoid situations where board surface noise is mistaken as a pointer. FIG. 13 shows the steps performed during this function.

Once the white region szRegion has been selected, the white region szRegion is checked to see if it is greater than zero (step 252). If not, a no pointer condition is determined (step 254). If the white region szRegion is greater than zero, morphological operator of erosion and dilation are used on the white region to reduce further noise (steps 256 to 264) and the extractPointer( ) function is completed.

As mentioned above, at step 166 the findPointerMotion( ) function 120 calls the centerOfMass( ) function 126 to determine the center of the pointer. During lo this function, the black pixels in the binary image are treated as having a mass of zero (0) and the white pixel are treated as having a mass of one (1). The physics formulae for center-of-mass are used. The equation below gives the center of mass in the x-direction:

C_(x) =sum(X _(i))/M

where:

-   -   -   X_(i) are the x-coordinates of the white pixels in the             binary image; and

    -   M is the number of white pixels in the binary image.

Initially, once the centerOfMass( ) function is executed, the center of mass parameters massX, massZ and a mass parameter are assigned zero values (see step 300 in FIG. 11). A loop is then entered to calculate the center of mass parameters massX and massz using the above equation and to calculate the mass parameter (step 302).

Upon exiting the loop, the mass parameter is checked to determine if its value is greater than zero (step 304). If the value of the mass parameter is equal to zero, the center of mass parameters Cx and Cz are assigned values of zero (step 306) and the centerOfMass( ) function 126 is completed. At step 304, if the value of the mass parameter is greater than zero, the center of mass coordinates Cx and Cz are calculated (step 308) using the equations: C _(x) =massX/mass; and C _(z) =massZ/mass. Once the center of mass coordinates have been calculated, the centerOfMass( ) function 126 is completed.

As mentioned above, at step 168 the findPointerMotion( ) function 120 calls the processROI( ) function 128 to process the region-of-interest in a manner similar to the findPointerMotion( ) function 120 except, here the image size is 100×2 pixels and a calibration image including only background (i.e. no pointer) is used in place of the previous image. Upon execution of the processROI( ) function 128, xLeft and xRight parameters are calculated by subtracting and adding fifty (50) to the center of mass parameter Cx (step 350). The value of parameter xLeft is then checked to determine if it is less than one (1) (step 352). If the parameter xLeft has a value less than one (1), the parameter xRight is recalculated and the parameter xLeft is assigned a value of one (1) (step 354) to define boundaries of the region of interest as shown in FIG. 15. A difference image iDiff of the region of interest is then calculated by subtracting the region of interest of the current image from the region of interest of the calibration image glRef determined at step 176 of the findPointerMotion( ) function 120 and taking the absolute value of the difference (step 356).

At step 352, if the parameter xLeft has a value greater than one (1), the parameter xRight is checked to determine if it has a value greater than 640 (step 358). If the parameter xRight has a value greater than 640, the parameter xLeft is recalculated and the parameter xRight is assigned a value of one (1) (step 360) to define boundaries of the region of interest. The processROI( ) function 128 then proceeds to step 356 to calculate the difference image iDiff of the region of interest. At step 358, if the parameter xRight has a value less than 640, the processROI( ) function 128 proceeds directly to step 356 to calculate the difference image iDiff of the region of interest.

Once the difference image iDiff of the region of interest has been calculated, the autoSelectThres( )function 122 is called to select a threshold value for the difference image iDiff of the region of interest (step 362) in the manner described above with reference to FIG. 9. The difference image iDiff of the region of interest is then thresholded (step 364). Following this, the extractPointer( ) function 124 is called to extract the pointer from the difference image iDiff of the region of interest (step 366) in the manner described above with reference to FIG. 10.

Once the acquired image has been processed in the above manner, a PIP for the acquired image is created by the DSP 84. The PIP is a five (5) word packet and has a layout including camera identification, an LRC checksum to ensure data integrity and a valid tag to ensure zero packets are not valid. The valid tag indicates whether the PIP relates to a pointer characteristic packet (10), a diagnostic packet for a specific camera assembly 63 (01 ) or a diagnostic packet for all camera assemblies 63 (11). Table 1 below shows the PIP layout. TABLE 1 Word 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Pointer Characteristics packet (generated by Camera) 0 Valid Camera X intercept (at Y0) tag # 1 Frame rate intensity/color 2 Packet # pointer area 3 Unused X intercept (at Y19) 4 Unused Z position LRC checksum Diagnostic Packet (generated by Camera or Master) 0 Valid Camera tag # 1 2 Packet # 3 4 LRC checksum

As mentioned above, each camera assembly 63 acquires and processes an image in the manner described above in response to each clock signal generated by its DSP 84. The PIPs created by the DSPs 84 are only sent to the master controller 54 when the camera assemblies 63 are polled by the master controller. The DSPs 84 create PIPs faster than the master controller 54 polls the camera assemblies 63. PIPs that are not sent to the master controller 54 are overwritten.

When the master controller 54 polls the camera assemblies 63, frame sync pulses are sent to the camera assemblies 63 to initiate transmission of the PIPs created by the DSPs 84. Upon receipt of a frame sync pulse, each DSP 84 transmits the PIP to the master controller 54 over the data bus. The PIPs transmitted to the master controller 54 are received via the serial port 96 and auto-buffered into the DSP 90.

After the DSP 90 has polled the camera assemblies 63 and has received PIPs from each of the camera assemblies, the DSP 90 processes the PIPs using triangulation to determine the location of the pointer relative to the touch surface 60 in (x,y) coordinates. Specifically, the PIPs from pairs of camera assemblies 63 are processed using triangulation.

FIG. 16 shows that two angles φ₁ and φ₂ are needed to triangulate the position (x₀,y₀) of the pointer relative to the touch screen 60. The PIPs generated by each camera assembly 63 include a number θ∈[0,sensorResolution−1] (see FIG. 17) identifing the median line of the pointer. The sensorResolution, in the case of the Photobit PB300 image sensor, is 640. The equations below relate the angle φ to the position θ taking into account the field-of-view of the image sensor and lens assembly 80: $\begin{matrix} {\phi = {{\frac{\theta}{sensorResolution} \times F_{ov}} - \delta}} & (1) \\ {\phi = {{\frac{{SensorResolution} - \theta}{sensorResolution} \times F_{ov}} - \delta}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

The above equations subtract away an angle δ that allows the image sensor and lens assembly 80 to have some overlap with the frame 62. The overlap X s with the frame 62 is desired due to mechanical tolerance issues in the frame assemblies 64 (i.e. the angle of the plate 66 can have an error of 1° to 2°). The angle δ is allowed to be negative, meaning that there is no overlap with the frame 62, in fact part of the touch surface 60 along the frame 62 is missed. Equation 1 or 2 is used to determine φ, depending on the mounting and/or optical properties of the image sensor and lens assembly 80. If the image acquired by the camera assembly 63 is rotated as a result of the mounting and/or optical properties of the image sensor and lens assembly 80, then equation 2 is used. Equation 1 is used otherwise. In the present embodiment, equation 1 is used with the camera assemblies 63 positioned at the top left and bottom right corners of the touch screen 52 and equation 2 is used with the camera assemblies 63 positioned at the bottom left and top right corners of the touch screen 52.

As discussed above, equations 1 and 2 allow the pointer median line data included in the PIPs to be converted by the DSP 90 into an angle φ with respect to the x-axis. When two such angles are available, the intersection of the median lines extending at these angles from their respective camera assemblies 63 yields the location of the pointer relative to the touch surface 60.

In this embodiment, since the touch screen 52 includes four camera assemblies 63, six pairs of camera assemblies can be used for triangulation. The following discussion describes how a pointer position is determined by triangulation for each pair of the camera assemblies 63.

In order to determine a pointer position using the PIPs received from the camera assemblies 63 along the left side of the touch screen 52, the following equations are used to determine the (x₀,y₀) coordinates of the pointer position given the angles φ₀ and φ₀ for the upper and lower camera assemblies: $\begin{matrix} {x_{0} = {\frac{h}{w} \times \frac{1}{{\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)}}}} & (3) \\ {y_{0} = \frac{\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)}{{\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$ where:

-   -   h is the height of the touch screen 52 i.e. the vertical         distance from camera assembly focal point-to-focal point;         -   w is the width of the touch screen 52 i.e. the horizontal             distance from camera assembly focal point-to-focal point;             and         -   φ, is the angle with respect to the horizontal, measured             using camera assembly i and equation 1 or 2.

For the camera assemblies 63 along on the right side of the touch screen 52, the following equations are used to determine the (x₀,y₀) coordinates of he pointer position given the angles φ₂ and φ₃ for the upper and lower camera assemblies: $\begin{matrix} {x_{0} = {1 - {\frac{h}{w} \times \frac{1}{{\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}}}}} & (5) \\ {y_{0} = {1 - \frac{\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}{{\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$

The similarity between equations 3 and 5, i.e. equation 5=1−equation 3 once φ₂ and φ₃ have been substituted into equation 3 for φ₁ and φ₂ respectively should be apparent. Equations 4 and 6 are related in a similar manner.

In order to determine a pointer position using the camera assemblies 63 along the bottom of the touch screen 52, the following equations are used to determine the (x₀,y₀) coordinates of the pointer position given the angles φ₀ and φ₃ for bottom left and bottom right camera assemblies: $\begin{matrix} {x_{0} = \frac{\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}{{\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}}} & (7) \\ {y_{0} = {{\frac{w}{h} \times \frac{\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}{{\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}} \times {\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)}}\quad = {\frac{w}{h} \times x_{0} \times {\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)}}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$

In order to determine a pointer position using the camera assemblies 63 along the top of the touch screen 52, the following equations are used to determine the Is (x₀,y₀) coordinates of the pointer position given the angles φ₁ and φ₂ for the top left and top right camera assemblies: $\begin{matrix} {x_{0} = \frac{\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}{{\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}}} & (9) \\ {y_{0} = {{1 - {\frac{w}{h} \times \frac{\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}{{\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)} + {\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}} \times {\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)}}}\quad = {1 - {\frac{w}{h} \times x_{0} \times {\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)}}}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

The similarity between equations 7 and 9, i.e. equation 9=equation 7 once φ₁ and φ₂ have been substituted into equation 7 for φ₀ and φ₃ should be apparent. Equations 8 and 10 have the following relationship: equation 10=1−equation 8 once φ₁ and φ₂ have been substituted into equation 8 for φ₀ and φ₃ respectively.

In order to determine a pointer position using the camera assemblies 63 across the bottom left to top right corner diagonal, the following equations are used to determine the (x₀,y₀) coordinates of the pointer position given the angles φ₀ and φ₂ for bottom left and top right camera assemblies: $\begin{matrix} {x_{0} = \frac{\frac{h}{w} - {\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}}{{\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)} - {\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}}} & (11) \\ {y_{0} = {\frac{1 - \frac{w}{h} - {\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}}{{\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)} - {\tan\left( \phi_{2} \right)}} \times {\tan\left( \phi_{0} \right)}}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

In order to determine a pointer position using the camera assemblies 63 across the bottom right to top left diagonal, the following equations are used to determine the (x₀,y₀) coordinates of the pointer position given the angles φ₁ and φ₃ for the bottom right and top left camera assemblies: $\begin{matrix} {x_{0} = \frac{\frac{h}{w} - {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}}{{\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)} - {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}}} & (13) \\ {y_{0} = {1 - {\frac{1 - \frac{w}{h} - {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}}{{\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)} - {\tan\left( \phi_{3} \right)}} \times {\tan\left( \phi_{1} \right)}}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

The similarity between equations 11 and 13, i.e. equation 13 equation 11 once °1 and °3 have been substituted into equation 11 for φ₀ and φ₂ should be apparent. Equations 12 and 14 have the following relationship: equation 14=1−equation 12 once φ₁ and φ₃ have been substituted into equation 12 for φ₀ and φ₂ respectively.

As will be appreciated, the above equations generate the coordinates x₀ and y₀ on a scale of [0, 1]. Therefore, any appropriate coordinate scale can be reported by multiplying x₀ and y₀ by the maximum X and maximum Y values respectively.

In the present embodiment, the DSP 90 calculates the pointer position using triangulation for each camera pair excluding the diagonal pairs. The resulting pointer positions are then averaged and the resulting pointer position coordinates are queued for transmission to the personal computer 56 via the serial port 98 and the serial line driver 94. Since the rows of pixels of the image sensor and lens assemblies 80 that correspond to actual contacts with the touch surface 60 are known, any Z-position in a PIP that does not correspond with one of these rows is by definition a pointer hover event.

If desired, pointer velocity and angle can be calculated by the DSP 90 as shown in FIG. 18. The velocity of the pointer is calculated by examining the changes in the Z-position (or X-intercept) of the pointer in successive PIPs and knowing the camera frame rate. For example, if the camera frame rate is 200 frames per second and the Z-position changes by 1 pixel per frame, the pointer velocity is 200 pixels per second.

The angle of the pointer can be determined due to the fact that the PIP includes the X-intercept at pixel rows 0 and 19 of the median line. Since the X distance (the difference between X-intercepts) and the Y distance (the number of pixel rows) are known, all of the information necessary to calculate the pointer angle is available.

The present invention provides advantages in that the passive touch system 50 does not suffer parallax and/or image distortion problems due to the fact that a glass or other transparent overlay over a computer or video display is not required. In addition, the present passive touch system 50 allows both pointer contact and pointer hover over the touch surface 60 to be detected by using two-dimensional image sensor and lens assemblies 80 in the plane of the touch surface 60. Pointer contact with the touch surface 60 is defined only when the pointer is in very close proximity of the touch surface. The present invention also provides advantages in that the pointer position with respect to the touch surface is not restricted since the image sensor and lens assemblies 80 look along the plane of the touch surface 60.

With respect to resolution, the resolution of the passive touch system is a function of the distances of the pointer with respect to the image sensor and lens assemblies 80, the number of pixel elements in the image sensor and lens assemblies and the fields of view of the image sensor and lens assemblies. Since image sensor and lens assemblies are available with pixel elements that range in number from tens of thousand to many millions and since the number of pixel elements in image sensors and lens assemblies of this nature is only expected to increase, the resolution of the present passive touch system 50 is high.

The passive touch system 50 also provides advantages in that alignment is automatically corrected since only pixel subsets of images that include the touch surface and the pointer are processed. In addition, the present passive lo touch system allows for very fast acquisition of image data since the image sensor and lens assemblies can be triggered to capture images at rates exceeding two hundred frames per second.

The present passive touch system 50 is scaleable and can include a touch surface 60 of arbitrary size. When used in conjunction with a projected computer image, the number of pixels of the image sensor and lens assemblies should be proportional to the number of pixels being displayed on the touch surface 60. For example, if a projected computer image is 1024×768 pixels, the size of the projected image is not be of concern provided the image sensor and lens assemblies 80 are able to resolve the (x,y) coordinates with sufficient accuracy with respect to the displayed pixels.

Although the passive touch system 50 is shown including camera assemblies 63 associated with each corner of the touch screen 52, those of skill in the art will appreciate that only two camera assemblies are required. In this case, the fields of view of the image sensor and lens assemblies are preferably selected so that the entire touch surface 60 is encompassed since the locations of pointer contacts are determined only when they occur within the overlapping fields of view of the camera assemblies 63.

Also, although the passive touch system 50 is described as including a projector to display the computer display output onto the touch surface 60, this is not required. No information need be displayed on the touch surface.

Although a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, those of skill in the art will appreciate that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof as defined by the appended claims. 

1-18. (canceled)
 19. A camera based position tracking system comprising: a frame; a region of interest at least partially within said frame; at least two cameras associated with said frame, said at least two cameras acquiring images of said region of interest from different locations and having overlapping fields of view; a digital signal processor associated with each camera, the digital signal processors selecting pixel subsets of images acquired by said at least two cameras and processing pixel data acquired by the selected pixel subsets to generate pointer characteristic data when a pointer exists in said acquired images; and a master digital signal processor in communication with said digital signal processors, said master digital signal processor receiving pointer characteristic data from said digital signal processors and triangulating the pointer characteristic data to determine the location of said pointer relative to said at least two cameras.
 20. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 19 wherein said digital signal processors generate pixel characteristic data when the pointer is within said region of interest.
 21. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 20 wherein said selected pixel subsets are determined during an alignment routine.
 22. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 19 wherein said pointer characteristic data includes a median line of the pointer.
 23. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 22 wherein said pointer characteristic data is packaged by said digital signal processors into pointer information packets (PIPs).
 24. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 23 wherein said master digital signal processor polls said digital signal processors for said pointer information packets at a set frequency.
 25. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 24 wherein said master digital signal processor polls said digital signal processors for said pointer information packets at a frequency of 70 times per second.
 26. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 19 wherein said frame is substantially rectangular and wherein a camera is located adjacent each corner of said frame.
 27. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 19, wherein each camera comprises a CMOS digital camera having a selectable pixel array.
 28. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 27, wherein said selected pixel subsets include contiguous rows of pixels, and wherein the pixel data acquired by said contiguous rows of pixels is processed at full resolution.
 29. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 27, wherein the selected pixel subset for each digital camera is aligned so that the selected pixel subset looks substantially along the plane of said frame.
 30. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 29, wherein the row of pixels in the selected pixel subset for each digital camera, that acquires pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer in the plane of said frame, is determined.
 31. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 26, wherein each camera comprises a CMOS digital camera having a selectable pixel array.
 32. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 31, wherein said selected pixel subsets include contiguous rows of pixels, and wherein the pixel data acquired by said contiguous rows of pixels is processed at full resolution.
 33. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 31, wherein the selected pixel subset for each digital camera is aligned so that the selected pixel subset looks substantially along the plane of said frame.
 34. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 33, wherein the row of pixels in the selected pixel subset for each digital camera, that acquires pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer in the plane of said frame, is determined.
 35. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 34, wherein said master digital signal processor triangulates pointer characteristic data associated with multiple pairs of digital cameras.
 36. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 35, wherein said master digital signal processor averages the triangulated pointer characteristic data to determine the location of said pointer relative to at least two of said multiple pairs of digital cameras.
 37. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 26, wherein said master digital signal processor triangulates pointer characteristic data associated with multiple pairs of digital cameras.
 38. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 37, wherein said master digital signal processor averages the triangulated pointer characteristic data to determine the location of said pointer relative to at least two of said multiple pairs of digital cameras.
 39. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 19, wherein communication between said master digital signal processor and said digital signal processors is bi-directional.
 40. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 39, wherein said digital signal processors also communicate diagnostic data to said master digital signal processor.
 41. A method of detecting the position of a pointer relative to a frame comprising the steps of: acquiring multiple images of a pointer relative to said frame; selecting pixel subsets of said acquired images; and processing pixel data acquired by said pixel subsets to detect the existence of said pointer therein and to determine the location of said pointer relative to said frame using triangulation.
 42. The method of claim 41 wherein during said processing step, the pixel data is processed to determine which pixel rows contain pointer characteristic data.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein during said processing step the existence of said pointer is determined by calculating median lines of the pointer and wherein the location of said pointer is determined by calculating the intersection point of median lines and using triangulation to determine the coordinates of said intersection point.
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein during said processing step a difference image of said acquired images is created.
 45. The method of claim 44 wherein during said processing step background features are filtered from said difference image
 46. The method of claim 44 wherein during said processing step noise is filtered from said difference image.
 47. A position sensitive interactive system comprising: at least two CMOS digital cameras associated with a region of interest, said at least two digital cameras acquiring images of said region of interest from different locations and having overlapping fields of view; and a processor receiving and processing image data acquired by said at least two digital cameras to detect the existence of a pointer in said images and to determine the location of said pointer relative to said at least two CMOS digital cameras.
 48. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 47, wherein each of said at least two digital cameras has a selectable pixel array.
 49. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 48, wherein a subset of pixels in the selectable pixel array of each digital camera provides pixel data to said processor.
 50. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 49, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera includes contiguous rows of pixels, and wherein pixel data acquired by said contiguous rows of pixels is processed at full resolution.
 51. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 50, wherein a touch surface is positioned in back of and proximate to said region of interest.
 52. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 51, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera is aligned so that the pixel subset of each digital camera looks substantially along the plane of said touch surface.
 53. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 52, wherein the row of pixels in the pixel subset of each digital camera that acquires pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer within said region of interest is determined to enable said processor to determine pointer contact with said touch surface and pointer hover over said touch surface.
 54. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 53, wherein said touch surface is substantially rectangular.
 55. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 54, wherein a digital camera is positioned adjacent each corner of said touch surface.
 56. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 47, wherein said region of interest is at least partially bounded by a frame.
 57. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 56, wherein said frame is substantially rectangular.
 58. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 57, wherein a digital camera is positioned adjacent each corner of said frame.
 59. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 58, wherein each said digital camera has a selectable pixel array.
 60. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 59, wherein a subset of pixels in the selectable pixel array of each digital camera provides pixel data to said processor.
 61. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 59, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera includes contiguous rows of pixels, and wherein pixel data acquired by said contiguous rows of pixels is processed at full resolution.
 62. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 61, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera is aligned so that the pixel subset of each digital camera looks substantially along the plane of said frame.
 63. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 62, wherein a touch surface is positioned in back of and proximate to said region of interest.
 64. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 63, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera is aligned so that the pixel subset of each digital camera looks substantially along the plane of said touch surface.
 65. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 64, wherein the row of pixels in the pixel subset of each digital camera, that acquires pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer within said region of interest is determined to enable said processor to detect pointer contact with said touch surface and pointer hover over said touch surface.
 66. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 47, wherein said processor triangulates image data from multiple pairs of digital cameras to determine the location of the pointer relative to at least two of said multiple pairs of digital cameras.
 67. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 66, wherein said processor includes a plurality of processing stages, said processing stages processing image data in a manner to stage bandwidth.
 68. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 67, wherein one of said processing stages includes a plurality of digital signal processors each associated with a respective one of said digital cameras, said digital signal processors processing pixel data from pixel subsets of said digital cameras and generating pointer parameter data.
 69. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 68, wherein said one processing stage creates a difference image of said acquired images.
 70. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 69, wherein said one processing stage filters background features from said difference image.
 71. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 69, wherein said one processing stage filters noise from said difference image.
 72. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 68, wherein a second of said processing stages includes a master digital signal processor receiving said pointer parameter data from said digital signal processors, said master digital signal processor triangulating said pointer parameter data.
 73. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 72, wherein a third of said processing stages includes a personal computer receiving the location of said pointer relative to said at least two CMOS digital cameras from said master digital signal processor.
 74. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 73, wherein communication between said master digital signal processor and said digital signal processors is bidirectional.
 75. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 74, wherein said digital signal processors also communicate digital camera diagnostic data to said master digital signal processor.
 76. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 56, wherein said digital cameras are arranged relative to said frame so that the fields of view thereof extend beyond at least one peripheral edge of said frame.
 77. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 76, wherein said processor includes a plurality of processing stages, said processing stages processing image data in a manner to stage bandwidth.
 78. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 77 wherein one of said processing stages includes a plurality of digital signal processors each associated with a respective one of said digital cameras, said digital signal processors processing pixel data from pixel subsets of said digital cameras and generating pointer parameter data.
 79. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 78, wherein during said one processing stage creates a difference image of said acquired images.
 80. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 79, wherein said one processing stage filters background features from said difference image.
 81. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 79, wherein said one processing stage filters noise from said difference image.
 82. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 78, wherein a second of said processing stages includes a master digital signal processor receiving said pointer parameter data from said digital signal processors, said master digital signal processor triangulating said pointer parameter data.
 83. A position sensitive interactive system according to claim 82, wherein a third of said processing stages includes a personal computer receiving the location of said pointer relative to said frame from said master digital signal processor.
 84. A camera based interactive display system comprising: an interactive display; a region of interest in front of said interactive display; at least two optical recording devices associated with a frame, said at least two optical recording devices acquiring images of said region of interest from different locations and having overlapping fields of view; and a processor receiving and processing image data acquired by said at least two optical recording devices to detect the existence of a pointer in said images and to determine the location of said pointer relative to said interactive display, wherein said processor includes first and second processing stages, said first processing stage processing pixel data from said at least two optical recording devices, said second processing stage processing image data from said first processing stage to determine the location of the pointer.
 85. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 84, wherein said first processing stage includes a plurality of digital signal processors each associated with a respective one of said optical recording devices, said digital signal processors processing pixel data from pixel subsets of said optical recording devices and generating pointer parameter data.
 86. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 85, wherein said first processing stage creates a difference image of said acquired images.
 87. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 86, wherein said first processing stage maps grayscale pixel data of said difference image to a binary difference image.
 88. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 87, whereby grayscale pixel data having a value less than or equal to a threshold value is made black.
 89. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 88, whereby grayscale pixel data having a value greater than said threshold value is made white.
 90. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 87, wherein said first processing stage filters background features from said binary difference image.
 91. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 87, wherein said first processing stage filters noise from said binary difference image.
 92. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 85 wherein, said second processing stage includes a master digital signal processor receiving said pointer parameter data from said digital signal processors, said master digital signal processor triangulating said pointer parameter data.
 93. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 92, wherein said processor further includes a third processing stage comprising a personal computer receiving the location of said pointer relative to said interactive display from said master digital signal processor.
 94. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 92, wherein said processor further includes a third processing stage comprising a personal computer receiving the location of said pointer relative to said frame from said master digital signal processor.
 95. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 92, wherein communication between said master digital signal processor and said digital signal processors is bi-directional.
 96. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 95, wherein said digital signal processors also communicate optical recording device diagnostic data to said master digital signal processor.
 97. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 84, wherein said frame is substantially rectangular and wherein optical recording devices are positioned adjacent each corner of said frame, each optical recording device being arranged relative to said frame so that the field of view thereof extends beyond at least one peripheral edge of said frame.
 98. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 97, wherein each optical recording device comprises a CMOS digital camera having a selectable pixel array.
 99. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 98, wherein said first processing stage includes a plurality of digital signal processors each associated with a respective one of said digital cameras, said digital signal processors processing pixel data from pixel subsets of said digital cameras and generating pointer parameter data.
 100. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 99, wherein said first processing stage creates a difference image of said acquired images.
 101. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 100, wherein said first processing stage maps grayscale pixel data of said difference image to a binary difference image.
 102. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 101, whereby grayscale pixel data having a value less than or equal to a threshold value is made black.
 103. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 102, whereby grayscale pixel data having a value greater than said threshold value is made white.
 104. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 101, wherein said first processing stage filters background features from said binary difference image.
 105. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 101, wherein said first processing stage filters noise from said binary difference image.
 106. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 99, wherein said second processing stage includes a master digital signal processor receiving said pointer parameter data from said digital signal processors, said master digital signal processor triangulating said pointer parameter data.
 107. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 106, wherein said processor further includes a third processing stage comprising a personal computer receiving the location of said pointer relative to said interactive display from said master digital signal processor.
 108. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 107, wherein said personal computer processes the location of said pointer within said region of interest as a hover event or as an application execution event.
 109. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 107, wherein said personal computer processes the location of said pointer within predetermined regions of said region of interest as a hover event or as an application execution event.
 110. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 107, wherein said personal computer processes the location of said pointer in a sustained location within said region of interest as an application execution event.
 111. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 92, wherein said aster digital signal processor further calculates the velocity of said pointer as said pointer is brought towards said interactive display.
 112. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 111, wherein said velocity is calculated by determining the product of the change in pointer tip position within said pixel subset in successive images acquired by said digital cameras and the frame rates of the digital cameras.
 113. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 112, wherein said frame rates of the digital cameras are in excess of 200 frames per second.
 114. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 92, wherein said master digital signal processor further calculates the angle of said pointer as said pointer is brought towards said interactive display.
 115. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 114, wherein said angle is determined using the position of said pointer in extreme rows of pixels in said pixel subsets and the number of pixel rows in said pixel subsets.
 116. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 84, wherein the location of said pointer within said region of interest is mapped to coordinates corresponding to said interactive display.
 117. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 116, wherein the scale of said region of interest is proportional to the scale of said interactive display.
 118. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 117, wherein the scale of said region of interest is directly proportional to the scale of said interactive display.
 119. A scalable interactive display system comprising: a projector to project an image onto a display surface; a region of interest in front of said display surface; at least two digital cameras associated with said region of interest, said at least two digital cameras acquiring images of said region of interest from different locations and having overlapping fields of view; and a processor receiving and processing image data acquired by said at least two digital cameras to detect the existence of a pointer in said images and to determine the location of said pointer relative to said display surface, the location of said pointer being used to update said projected image, wherein each of said digital cameras includes a pixel array proportional to the number of pixels in said projected image, and wherein said processor is able to resolve the location of said pointer relative to said display surface with sufficient accuracy with respect to the pixels in said projected image.
 120. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 119, wherein each digital camera comprises a CMOS digital camera having a selectable pixel array.
 121. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 120, further including a rectangular bezel surrounding said region of interest, a CMOS digital camera being positioned at each corner of said bezel.
 122. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 121, wherein said processor triangulates image data from multiple pairs of digital cameras to determine the location of the pointer relative to said display surface.
 123. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 122, wherein said digital cameras are arranged relative to said bezel so that the fields of view thereof extend beyond at least one peripheral edge of said bezel.
 124. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 123, wherein said processor includes a plurality of processing stages, said processing stages processing image data in a manner to stage bandwidth.
 125. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 124, wherein one of said processing stages includes a plurality of digital signal processors each associated with a respective one of said digital cameras, said digital signal processors processing pixel data from pixel subsets of said digital cameras and generating pointer parameter data.
 126. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 125, wherein said one processing stage creates a difference image of said acquired images.
 127. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 126, wherein said one processing stage filters background features from said difference image.
 128. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 126, wherein said one processing stage filters noise from said difference image.
 129. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 125, wherein a second of said processing stages includes a master digital signal processor receiving said pointer parameter data from said digital signal processors, said master digital signal processor triangulating said pointer parameter data.
 130. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 125, wherein a third of said processing stages includes a personal computer receiving the location of said pointer relative to said display surface from said master digital signal processor.
 131. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 122, wherein a subset of pixels in the selectable pixel array of each digital camera provides pixel data to said processor.
 132. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 131, wherein each pixel subset includes contiguous rows of pixels and wherein the pixel data acquired by said contiguous rows of pixels is processed at full resolution.
 133. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 131, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera is aligned so that the pixel subset of each digital camera looks along a plane substantially coplanar to said display surface.
 134. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 133, wherein the row of pixels in the pixel subset of each digital camera, that acquires pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer tip, is determined to enable said processor to detect a hover event or an application execution event.
 135. A scalable interactive display system according to claim 134, wherein the location of said pointer within said region of interest is mapped to coordinates corresponding to said projected image on said display surface.
 136. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 135, wherein the scale of said region of interest is proportional to the scale of said interactive display.
 137. A camera based interactive display system according to claim 136, wherein the scale of said region of interest is directly proportional to the scale of said interactive display.
 138. A camera based position tracking system comprising: at least two CMOS digital cameras associated with a region of interest and having overlapping fields of view, each of said at least two CMOS digital cameras having an array of pixels, said at least two CMOS digital cameras acquiring images of said region of interest from different locations substantially simultaneously; and a processor receiving and processing pixel data acquired by a window of contiguous pixels within the pixel array of said at least two CMOS digital cameras to detect the existence of a pointer in said images and to triangulate the location of said pointer relative to the location of said at least two CMOS digital cameras.
 139. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 138, wherein a master processor transmits clock signals to synchronize said at least two CMOS digital cameras.
 140. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 138, wherein the window of contiguous pixels used to provide said pixel data from each digital camera is adjustable along said pixel array.
 141. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 140, wherein said pixel data is processed at full resolution.
 142. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 140, wherein the window of pixels of each digital camera is aligned so that pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer at a predetermined location with respect to said at least two CMOS digital cameras is acquired.
 143. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 142, wherein said window of pixels of each digital camera is rotated so that pixel data corresponding to said tip of said pointer is acquired.
 144. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 142, wherein said window of pixels of each digital camera is cropped so that pixel data corresponding to said tip of said pointer is acquired.
 145. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 142, wherein the row of pixels in the window of each digital camera, that acquires the pixel data corresponding to said tip of said pointer, is determined to enable said processor to determine a pointer hover event and a pointer application execution event.
 146. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 145, further comprising a bezel surrounding said region of interest, said bezel supporting a digital camera adjacent each corner thereof, said digital cameras being arranged so that the field of view of each digital camera extends beyond at least one peripheral edge of said bezel.
 147. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 146, wherein said processor triangulates pixel data from multiple pairs of digital cameras to determine the location of the pointer relative to said bezel.
 148. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 147, wherein said processor includes a plurality of processing stages, said processing stages processing image data in a manner to stage bandwidth.
 149. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 148, wherein one of said processing stages includes a plurality of digital signal processors each associated with a respective one of said digital cameras, said digital signal processors processing pixel data from pixel subsets of said digital cameras and generating pointer parameter data.
 150. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 149, wherein said one processing stage creates a difference image of said acquired images.
 151. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 149, wherein said one processing stage filters background features from said difference image.
 152. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 149, wherein said one processing stage filters noise from said difference image.
 153. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 149, wherein a second of said processing stages includes a master digital signal processor receiving said pointer data from said digital signal processors, said master digital signal processor triangulating said pointer data.
 154. A camera based position tracking system according to claim 153, wherein a third of said processing stages includes a personal computer receiving the location of said pointer relative to said bezel from said master digital signal processor.
 155. A method of aligning a plurality of digital cameras in a touch system, each digital camera having a selectable pixel array with respect to a region of interest in front of a touch surface of the touch system on which a pointer contact is made, said method comprising the steps of: acquiring an image of said region of interest; examining pixels within a subset of said pixel array to determine if the pixel subset is substantially looking along the plane of said touch surface; and if not adjusting the position of said pixel subset and repeating said acquiring and said examining steps until a pixel subset is determined that looks substantially along the plane of said touch surface.
 156. The method of claim 155, wherein during said examining, pixels within said pixel subset are examined to determine if said pixels include data referencing said touch surface.
 157. The method of claim 156, wherein said data comprises a tip of said pointer in contact with said touch surface.
 158. The method of claim 156, further comprising the step of determining the row of pixels within said pixel subset when data corresponding to the tip of said pointer in contact with said touch surface exists.
 159. An imaging assembly comprising: a substantially rectangular frame to surround a region of interest in front of a display surface; and a digital camera mounted adjacent each corner of said frame, said digital cameras being oriented to capture overlapping images of said region of interest.
 160. An imaging assembly according to claim 159, wherein said digital cameras comprise CMOS digital cameras.
 161. An imaging assembly according to claim 160, wherein each digital camera has a selectable pixel array.
 162. An imaging assembly according to claim 161, wherein said digital cameras are oriented so that the field of view of each digital camera extends beyond a peripheral edge of said frame.
 163. An imaging assembly according to claim 162, further including a processor associated with each of said digital cameras, each digital camera and associated processor being mounted on a common board.
 164. An imaging assembly according to claim 163, wherein a subset of pixels in the selectable pixel array of each digital camera provides pixel data to said associated processor.
 165. An imaging assembly according to claim 164, wherein each pixel subset includes contiguous rows of pixels.
 166. An imaging assembly according to claim 165, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera is aligned so that the pixel subset looks along a plane substantially coplanar to said display surface.
 167. An imaging assembly according to claim 166, wherein the row of pixels in the pixel subset of each digital camera, that acquires pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer within said region of interest, is determined to enable said processor to detect pointer contact and pointer hover over said display surface.
 168. A touch system comprising: a substantially rectangular touch surface; a region of interest that is in front of, and at least partially includes, said touch surface; and a digital camera mounted adjacent each corner of said touch surface, said digital cameras being oriented to capture overlapping images of said region of interest.
 169. A touch system according to claim 168, wherein said digital cameras comprise CMOS digital cameras.
 170. A touch system according to claim 169, wherein each digital camera has a selectable pixel array.
 171. A touch system according to claim 170, wherein said digital cameras are oriented so that the field of view of each digital camera extends beyond a peripheral edge of said touch surface.
 172. A touch system according to claim 171, further including a processor associated with each of said digital cameras, each digital camera and associated processor being mounted on a common board.
 173. A touch system according to claim 172, wherein a subset of pixels in the selectable pixel array of each digital camera provides pixel data to said associated processor.
 174. A touch system according to claim 173, wherein each pixel subset includes contiguous rows of pixels.
 175. A touch system according to claim 174, wherein the pixel subset of each digital camera is aligned so that the pixel subset of each digital camera looks substantially along the plane of said touch surface.
 176. A touch system according to claim 175, wherein the row of pixels in the pixel subset of each digital camera, that acquires pixel data corresponding to a tip of said pointer on said touch surface, is determined to enable said processor to detect pointer contact with said touch surface and pointer hover within said region of interest. 177-299. (canceled) 